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Friday, August 27, 2010

EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS - USA (24): (NEW YORK, MICHIGAN) EQUINE, CERVID

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A ProMED-mail post



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International Society for Infectious Diseases





In this update:

[1] New York State, equine

[2] Michigan - equine, cervid



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[1] New York State, equine

Date: 27 Aug 2010

Source: Syracuse.com [edited]







Oswego County horse put down after contracting EEE

--------------------------------------------------

A 2-year-old gelding in Oswego County is the state's 1st confirmed

equine case this year [2010] of eastern equine encephalitis, also

known as EEE. The horse has been euthanized.



The infected horse was purchased at a New York auction earlier this

year. The young horse had an unknown vaccination history at the time

of purchase and was not vaccinated after purchase, said state

Agriculture and Markets Commissioner Patrick Hooker.



Last week [16-20 Aug 2010], the gelding showed typical signs of EEE,

including loss of appetite, circling and leaning against the stall.

After examination by a private veterinarian, the horse was

euthanized. Brain samples were sent to the state Department of

Health's Wadsworth Laboratory and tested positive for EEE. To date,

the other horses on the same premises are not showing any signs of

EEE and have since been vaccinated.



EEE is a rare viral disease of horses and humans that is spread by

infected mosquitoes. So far, there have been no reported nor

confirmed human cases of EEE in 2010.



"New York's abundant water sources and humid climate unfortunately

make the perfect breeding ground for mosquitoes and the EEE virus,"

Hooker said. "Therefore, we highly encourage horse owners to protect

their animals and consider vaccinating for EEE. The EEE vaccine has

proven to drastically reduce the incidence of the virus in horses and

can be easily administered by a private veterinarian."



Hooker said humans cannot become infected by handling an infected

horse, nor can a horse acquire the virus from another infected horse;

however, the presence of an infected horse in the area indicates that

mosquitoes carrying EEE are present and infected mosquitoes pose a

threat to both humans and horses.



While there is no treatment or cure for this disease, vaccines are

available and found to be effective in protecting horses from this virus.



Go to this website for more information on protecting horses from EEE:



For information about humans and EEE go to this website:





[Byline: Debra J. Groom]



--

Communicated by:

ProMED-mail





[For a map of Oswego County New York, see

. - Mod.MPP]

******

[2] Michigan, equine, cervid

Date: 27 Aug 2010

Source: Livingston Daily [edited]







News Briefs: Eastern equine encephalitis cases confirmed

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The Michigan Department of Community Health confirmed a case of

eastern equine encephalitis in a horse and a deer Thursday [26 Aug

2010] in Livingston County, Michigan.



Officials with the health department and the U.S. Department of

Agriculture continue to receive reports of cases of EEE in horses in

southwestern Michigan, including Barry, Calhoun, Cass, Kalamazoo and

St. Joseph counties. Also, cases of human EEE and West Nile virus

have been reported in Michigan.



The Livingston County Department of Public Health is advising its

residents that the best way to prevent mosquito-borne disease is by

reducing exposure to mosquitoes.



--

Communicated by:

ProMED-mail





[Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is an infectious, often fatal

disease of horses, humans, and pigs. Wild ruminants (white-tailed

deer) can also become infected. EEE is caused by an RNA virus in the

family Togaviridae and is mosquito-borne (arbovirus). Infection can

cause abnormal neurological behavior and encephalitis in the affected

animal. Most arboviruses that infect wild mammals are not known to

cause disease in their host. The virus is maintained in temperate

areas by wild bird reservoirs and mosquito vectors.



Clinical signs in infected white-tailed deer (and horses) may include

central nervous system disorders after a 1-3 week incubation period.

Affected animals may lose awareness of their surroundings, walk in

circles, exhibit muscle paralysis, stupor, lethargy, and incoordination.



No gross lesions are generally seen in EEE affected

animals. Histopathological (microscopic) examination reveals lesions

consistent with a viral caused meningoencephalitis or encephalitis.



EEE is a zoonotic disease that can infect humans, horses, and deer.

The disease appears to have a minimal impact on wild deer populations

as it has only been reported in multiple animals in North America

once (Michigan in 2005). EEE is not likely to be a major mortality

factor in deer but it is possible that it could impact a local population.



Because EEE can be transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, people should

take the necessary precautions to avoid exposure to these insects. In

humans there is a case fatality rate of 30 to 70 percent and EEE

often causes severe permanent neurological disorders among survivors.



Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) was diagnosed in a free-ranging,

adult, male white-tailed deer (_Odocoileus virginianus_) from Houston

County, Georgia, USA, in July 2001. The yearling buck had neurologic

disease and died during transport to our diagnostic facility. Eastern

equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) was isolated in Vero cell culture

and identified by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; as

well, EEEV antigen was detected in brain by immunohistochemistry.



This is the 1st report of fatal EEEV infection in a white-tailed

deer. Antibodies to EEEV were demonstrated by microtiter

neutralization in 14 of 99 (14 percent) of the white-tailed deer from

Georgia sampled in fall 2001. Most antibody-positive deer originated

from the Coastal Plain physiographic region. Eastern equine

encephalitis virus should be considered a possible cause of

neurologic disease in white-tailed deer where it may occur. Journal

of Wildlife Diseases, 41(1), 2005, pp. 241-245



Portions of this comment have been extracted from:



and - Mod.TG]



[For a map of Michigan showing Livingston county, see

- Mod.MPP]



[see also:

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (23): (MI) 20100824.2975

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (22): (VA, MA) 20100820.2911

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (21): (GA) equine 20100819.2893

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (20): (FL), fatal 20100818.2871

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (19): (MI) equine, human susp. 20100817.2850

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (18): (MA) equine, human 20100816.2836

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (17): (FL) equine 20100815.2813

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (16): (MI) 20100814.2790

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (15): (FL) sentinel avian 20100810.2728

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (14): (FL), equine, sentinel

avian 20100807.2691

Eastern equine encephalitis, equine - USA (13) (FL, MA) 20100806.2675

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (12): (MA) 20100803.2620

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (11): (FL) fatal, human,

equine 20100731.2569

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (10): (MA, MI) 20100728.2529

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (09): (FL) fatal 20100723.2469

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (08): (LA) 20100716.2374

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (07): (FL) 20100715.2363

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (06): (FL, GA) 20100710.2312

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (05): (FL) 20100708.2274

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (04): (FL) 20100630.2178

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (03): (FL) 20100627.2146

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (02): (FL) sentinel avian 20100623.2101

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA: (FL) 20100527.1755]

....................tg/ejp/mpp



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