USDA' Offical Admits: Protectionist "Food Safety" Policies Trump Public Health

With all the food recalls in the news lately, the big question on everyones mind is "WHY isn't the USDA doing more to test for contaminated foods prior to the products being offered to the public for sale?" And " WHY doesnt the USDA impose stricter regulations or require a vigious testing system?" Not suprisingly, most people arent even aware of the fact that the USDA does not even have the power of recall! It is up to the producers and processors to volunteer that info to the public. Due to the self-regulatory nature of these industries, you can see why they would be hesitant to report or recall any of their products as "unsafe," - nothing causes sales (and profits) to drop quicker than a product recall. When they do recall, it is usually done because they have no choice, ..people start to sicken and/or die and independant investigations begin.  In these cases, it is "report yourselves" or eventually be found out by the feds. The awful truth came out awhile back when a top USDA  Official spilled the beans in a public forum, and you can read all about his startling revelations here, in the link below,...regarding another case of a bad-meat recall that happened last year;
http://exposingfdanusda.blogspot.com/2010/05/usda-offical-tells-truth-for-change.html

After you have read the article in the link, be sure to read the latest update from Pro-Med (below) on the recent Cargill / BJs ground beef recall, and be sure to note the large, embolded text in red and you will find an example of USDA protecting distributors.

* And a note on the modern trend of "growing" beef. Since when do we "grow" beef?  In my day, you RAISED meat animals and grew crops. Why the switch? Think "PR" or "SPIN"

E. COLI VTEC NON-O157 - USA (07): O26, GROUND BEEF, ALERT, RECALL


*****************************************************************

A ProMED-mail post



ProMED-mail is a program of the

International Society for Infectious Diseases

Date: Sat 28 Aug 2010

Source: CNN [edited]

Cargill Meat Solutions Corp. has recalled about 8500 pounds of ground

beef that may be contaminated with E. coli, the U.S. Department of

Agriculture announced Sat 28 Aug 2010. The move came after 3 people,

2 in Maine and 1 in New York, were identified as becoming ill from a

strain of _E. coli_, the government said.

None of the 3 required hospitalization, said Cargill Inc. spokesman

Mike Martin.

The USDA says it believes certain BJ's Wholesale Club stores in

Connecticut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New

Jersey, New York and Virginia received the products. The recalled

ground beef was shipped on 11 Jun 2010 to distribution centers, where

it was repackaged into consumer-size packages and sold under different

retail brand names. The USDA did not identify the brands.

The recalled beef bears the USDA establishment number "EST. 9400," a

product code of "W69032" and a "use/freeze by" date of 1 Jul 2010.

The USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Services, which said it became

aware of the problem on 5 Aug 2010, "determined that there is an

association between the ground beef products subject to recall and the

cluster of illnesses in the states of Maine and New York."

Saturday's statement identified the strain as _E. coli_ 026, which can

cause bloody diarrhea, dehydration and, in severe cases, kidney failure.

The government "strongly encourages consumers to check their freezers

and immediately discard any product subject to this recall."

The government lists the recall as Class 1, meaning "there is a

reasonable probability that the use of the product will cause serious,

adverse health consequences or death."
--
Communicated by:

ProMED-mail Rapporteur Brent Barrett

This outbreak once again underscores the relevance of non-O157 strains

of verotoxin-producing _E. coli_. Other _E. coli_ serogroups that have

been associated with VTEC (verotoxin-producing _E. coli_) disease

include motile ones such as O26:H11 and O104:H21 and non-motile ones

such as O111:NM (or H-). Such non-O157 isolates can be obtained from

sheep and cattle and, although they cause as many as 30 percent of

outbreaks of VTEC (1), appear to be somewhat less (or at least more

variably) virulent in a variety of in vivo and in vitro assays (2-4).

In analyzing the genetic and phenotypic profiles of non-O157 groups,

it has been found that they belong to their own lineages and have

unique profiles of virulence traits different from O157 (5). The

serogroups appearing to be most prominent are O26, O111, O128, and

O103 (6), the former serotype being the implicated strain in this

outbreak.

If a laboratory is using sorbitol-MacConkey (sMAC) plates to identify

VTEC by virtue of O157's inability to ferment sorbitol, the non-O157

strains will be missed. In a 3-year pediatric study from the

University of Washington, USA (7), 1851 stool samples were processed

for sorbitol fermentation as well as toxin production by EIA (enzyme

immunoassay), and 28 strains of O157 were found along with O103 (4

strains), O118 (2 strains), O111 (2 strains), and 3 other strains.

Clinically, the O157 infections had a higher frequency of bloody

stools, fecal leukocytes, and abdominal pain with shorter symptom

duration. Five (18 percent) of O157 infections developed HUS; none of

the non-O157 strains did. Since toxin assay did not identify all O157

strains found on sMAC plates, the investigators did not advocate

performing toxin assay alone. Non-O157 can produce hemolytic-uremic

syndrome, as demonstrated by a cluster of O121 cases associated with a

lake in Connecticut, USA (8).

Since toxin assays are not uniformly performed in many areas, and most

cases do not produce HUS, it is likely that cases due to non-O157

strains are being missed. How frequent this phenomenon will become

over time is unclear.

Because of the higher risk of morbidity and mortality in VTEC

infections treated with antimicrobials (9), antimicrobials should not

used for known acute cases.

References

----------

1. Hussain HS, Omaye ST: Introduction to the food safety concerns of

verotoxin-producing _Escherichia coli_. Exp Biol Med 2003; 228(4):

331-2; available at.

2. Blanco J, Blanco M, Blanco JE, et al: Verotoxin-producing

_Escherichia coli_ in Spain: prevalence, serotypes, and virulence

genes of O157:H7 and non-O157 VTEC in ruminants, raw beef products,

and humans. Exp Biol Med 2003; 228: 345-51; available at.

3. Law D, Kelly J: Use of heme and hemoglobin by _Escherichia coli_

O157 and other Shiga-toxin-producing _E. coli_ serogroups. Infect

Immun 1995; 63(20): 700-2; available at.

4. Tzipori S, Wachsmuth KI, Smithers J, Jackson C: Studies in

gnotobiotic piglets on non-O157:H7 _Escherichia coli_ serotypes

isolated from patients with hemorrhagic colitis. Gastroenterology

1988; 94(3): 590-7; abstract available at.

5. Schmidt H, Geitz C, Tarr PI, et al: Non-O157:H7 pathogenic

Shiga-toxin producing _Escherichia coli_: phenotypic and genetic

profiling of virulence traits and evidence for clonality. J Infect Dis

1999; 179(1): 115-23; available at.

6. Bettelheim KA: Role of non-O157 VTEC. Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol

2000; (29): 38S-50S; abstract available at.

7. Klein EJ, Stapp JR, Calusen CR, et al: Shiga toxin-producing

_Escherichia coli_ in children with diarrhea: a prospective

point-of-care study. J Pediatr 2002; 141(2): 172-7; available at.

8. McCarthy TA, Barrett NL, Hadler JL, et al: Hemolytic-uremic

syndrome and _Escherichia coli_ O121 at a lake in Connecticut, 1999.

Pediatrics 2001; 108(4): E59; available at.

9. Iijima K, Kamioka I, Nozu K: Management of diarrhea-associated

hemolytic uremic syndrome in children. Clin Exp Nephrol 2008; 12(1):

16-9; abstract available at

- Mod.LL]


[see also:

E. coli VTEC non-O157 - USA (06): O145, lettuce 20100528.1777

E. coli VTEC non-O157 - USA (05): O145, lettuce 20100525.1738

E. coli VTEC non-O157 - USA (04): O145, lettuce 20100517.1618

E. coli VTEC non-O157 - USA (03): O145, lettuce, recall 20100507.1483

E. coli VTEC non-O157 - USA (02): (OH, MI, NY) O145 20100505.1460

E. coli VTEC non-O157 - USA: (MI, OH) 20100427.1358

2008

----

E. coli VTEC non-O157, restaurant - USA (04): (OK), O111 20081201.3779

E. coli VTEC non-O157, restaurant - USA: (OK), O111 20080902.2748

E. coli VTEC non-O157, past. ice cream, 2007 - Belgium: Antwerp 20080218.0655

2007

----

E. coli VTEC non-O157, beef sausage - Denmark 20070602.1784

E. coli VTEC non-O157, 2000-2005 - USA (CT) 20070118.0240

2006

----

E. coli VTEC non-O157, lettuce - USA (UT)(02): background 20060905.2523

E. coli VTEC non-O157, lettuce - USA (UT) 20060904.2521

E. coli VTEC non-O157 - Norway (03) 20060416.1133

E. coli VTEC non-O157 - Norway 20060329.0947

E. coli VTEC non-O157, minced beef - Norway 20060304.0680

2005

----

E. coli O145, fatal - Slovenia 20050916.2739

2003

----

E. coli, VTEC non-O157 - UK (Scotland): correction 20030828.2166

E. coli, VTEC non-O157 - UK (Scotland) 20030825.2144

2001

----

E. coli O26 - South Korea 20010509.0896

1999

----

E. coli O111, diarrhea - USA (Texas) 19990707.1134

1997

----

E. coli, non-0157 - Belgium 19970610.1215]

...................ll/ejp/dk

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Reply Reply to all Forward

Cargil Recalls Beef / Possible eColi Contamination

USDA Lax on Inspections; http://www.aolnews.com/nation/article/why-doesnt-usda-regulate-e-coli-strain-linked-to-beef-recall/19613146

EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS - USA (24): (NEW YORK, MICHIGAN) EQUINE, CERVID

**************************************************************************

A ProMED-mail post



ProMED-mail is a program of the

International Society for Infectious Diseases





In this update:

[1] New York State, equine

[2] Michigan - equine, cervid



******

[1] New York State, equine

Date: 27 Aug 2010

Source: Syracuse.com [edited]







Oswego County horse put down after contracting EEE

--------------------------------------------------

A 2-year-old gelding in Oswego County is the state's 1st confirmed

equine case this year [2010] of eastern equine encephalitis, also

known as EEE. The horse has been euthanized.



The infected horse was purchased at a New York auction earlier this

year. The young horse had an unknown vaccination history at the time

of purchase and was not vaccinated after purchase, said state

Agriculture and Markets Commissioner Patrick Hooker.



Last week [16-20 Aug 2010], the gelding showed typical signs of EEE,

including loss of appetite, circling and leaning against the stall.

After examination by a private veterinarian, the horse was

euthanized. Brain samples were sent to the state Department of

Health's Wadsworth Laboratory and tested positive for EEE. To date,

the other horses on the same premises are not showing any signs of

EEE and have since been vaccinated.



EEE is a rare viral disease of horses and humans that is spread by

infected mosquitoes. So far, there have been no reported nor

confirmed human cases of EEE in 2010.



"New York's abundant water sources and humid climate unfortunately

make the perfect breeding ground for mosquitoes and the EEE virus,"

Hooker said. "Therefore, we highly encourage horse owners to protect

their animals and consider vaccinating for EEE. The EEE vaccine has

proven to drastically reduce the incidence of the virus in horses and

can be easily administered by a private veterinarian."



Hooker said humans cannot become infected by handling an infected

horse, nor can a horse acquire the virus from another infected horse;

however, the presence of an infected horse in the area indicates that

mosquitoes carrying EEE are present and infected mosquitoes pose a

threat to both humans and horses.



While there is no treatment or cure for this disease, vaccines are

available and found to be effective in protecting horses from this virus.



Go to this website for more information on protecting horses from EEE:



For information about humans and EEE go to this website:





[Byline: Debra J. Groom]



--

Communicated by:

ProMED-mail





[For a map of Oswego County New York, see

. - Mod.MPP]

******

[2] Michigan, equine, cervid

Date: 27 Aug 2010

Source: Livingston Daily [edited]







News Briefs: Eastern equine encephalitis cases confirmed

--------------------------------------------------------

The Michigan Department of Community Health confirmed a case of

eastern equine encephalitis in a horse and a deer Thursday [26 Aug

2010] in Livingston County, Michigan.



Officials with the health department and the U.S. Department of

Agriculture continue to receive reports of cases of EEE in horses in

southwestern Michigan, including Barry, Calhoun, Cass, Kalamazoo and

St. Joseph counties. Also, cases of human EEE and West Nile virus

have been reported in Michigan.



The Livingston County Department of Public Health is advising its

residents that the best way to prevent mosquito-borne disease is by

reducing exposure to mosquitoes.



--

Communicated by:

ProMED-mail





[Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) is an infectious, often fatal

disease of horses, humans, and pigs. Wild ruminants (white-tailed

deer) can also become infected. EEE is caused by an RNA virus in the

family Togaviridae and is mosquito-borne (arbovirus). Infection can

cause abnormal neurological behavior and encephalitis in the affected

animal. Most arboviruses that infect wild mammals are not known to

cause disease in their host. The virus is maintained in temperate

areas by wild bird reservoirs and mosquito vectors.



Clinical signs in infected white-tailed deer (and horses) may include

central nervous system disorders after a 1-3 week incubation period.

Affected animals may lose awareness of their surroundings, walk in

circles, exhibit muscle paralysis, stupor, lethargy, and incoordination.



No gross lesions are generally seen in EEE affected

animals. Histopathological (microscopic) examination reveals lesions

consistent with a viral caused meningoencephalitis or encephalitis.



EEE is a zoonotic disease that can infect humans, horses, and deer.

The disease appears to have a minimal impact on wild deer populations

as it has only been reported in multiple animals in North America

once (Michigan in 2005). EEE is not likely to be a major mortality

factor in deer but it is possible that it could impact a local population.



Because EEE can be transmitted to humans by mosquitoes, people should

take the necessary precautions to avoid exposure to these insects. In

humans there is a case fatality rate of 30 to 70 percent and EEE

often causes severe permanent neurological disorders among survivors.



Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) was diagnosed in a free-ranging,

adult, male white-tailed deer (_Odocoileus virginianus_) from Houston

County, Georgia, USA, in July 2001. The yearling buck had neurologic

disease and died during transport to our diagnostic facility. Eastern

equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) was isolated in Vero cell culture

and identified by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; as

well, EEEV antigen was detected in brain by immunohistochemistry.



This is the 1st report of fatal EEEV infection in a white-tailed

deer. Antibodies to EEEV were demonstrated by microtiter

neutralization in 14 of 99 (14 percent) of the white-tailed deer from

Georgia sampled in fall 2001. Most antibody-positive deer originated

from the Coastal Plain physiographic region. Eastern equine

encephalitis virus should be considered a possible cause of

neurologic disease in white-tailed deer where it may occur. Journal

of Wildlife Diseases, 41(1), 2005, pp. 241-245



Portions of this comment have been extracted from:



and - Mod.TG]



[For a map of Michigan showing Livingston county, see

- Mod.MPP]



[see also:

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (23): (MI) 20100824.2975

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (22): (VA, MA) 20100820.2911

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (21): (GA) equine 20100819.2893

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (20): (FL), fatal 20100818.2871

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (19): (MI) equine, human susp. 20100817.2850

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (18): (MA) equine, human 20100816.2836

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (17): (FL) equine 20100815.2813

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (16): (MI) 20100814.2790

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (15): (FL) sentinel avian 20100810.2728

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (14): (FL), equine, sentinel

avian 20100807.2691

Eastern equine encephalitis, equine - USA (13) (FL, MA) 20100806.2675

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (12): (MA) 20100803.2620

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (11): (FL) fatal, human,

equine 20100731.2569

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (10): (MA, MI) 20100728.2529

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (09): (FL) fatal 20100723.2469

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (08): (LA) 20100716.2374

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (07): (FL) 20100715.2363

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (06): (FL, GA) 20100710.2312

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (05): (FL) 20100708.2274

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (04): (FL) 20100630.2178

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (03): (FL) 20100627.2146

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (02): (FL) sentinel avian 20100623.2101

Eastern equine encephalitis - USA: (FL) 20100527.1755]

....................tg/ejp/mpp



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ANTHRAX, BOVINE - USA (03): (NORTH DAKOTA)

******************************************

A ProMED-mail post



ProMED-mail is a program of the

International Society for Infectious Diseases





Date: 24 Aug 2010

Source: Associated Press [edited]







Anthrax cases reported in North Dakota county;

ranchers urged to vaccinate cattle

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

North Dakota's Agriculture Department on Tuesday

[24 Aug 2010] said more cases of anthrax had been confirmed in cattle.



The new cases were in northeast North Dakota's

Pembina County. Earlier cases were confirmed in

Barnes, Dickey and Sioux counties, all in the

southern half of the state. [For accounts of

these check the 1st 2 reports listed below. MHJ}



State animal health officials are continuing to

urge ranchers to have their cattle vaccinated against the disease.



Anthrax bacteria spores lie dormant in the ground

and become active under conditions such as heavy

rainfall, flooding or drought. North Dakota

usually has a few anthrax cases in cattle every year.



--

Communicated by:

ProMED-mail





[Pembina is right on the Manitoba boundary and

across the old cattle trails from North Dakota

and Minnesota to Winnipeg, Canada. It has a very

long history of cattle anthrax, certainly back

into the 1920s and probably earlier. The rancher

was asleep and didn't vaccinate his stock this past Easter. ­ Mod.MHJ]



[The interactive HealthMap/ProMED map for North

Dakota is available at: - CopyEd.EJP]



[see also:

Anthrax, bovine - USA (02): (ND) 20100725.2496

Anthrax, bovine - USA: (ND) 20100520.1677

2009

----

Anthrax, bovine - USA (ND) 20090917.3266

2008

----

Anthrax, bovine - USA (02): (ND) 20080626.1968

2007

----

Anthrax, bovine - USA (ND) 20070731.2459

2006

----

Anthrax, bovine - USA (ND) (02) 20060627.1784

Anthrax, bovine - USA (ND) 20060626.1775

2005

----

Anthrax, bovine - USA (ND)(04) 20050804.2267

Anthrax, bovine - USA (ND)(03) 20050728.2198

Anthrax, bovine - USA (ND) (02) 20050718.2067

Anthrax, bovine - USA (ND) 20050709.1947

2001

----

Anthrax, human - USA (North Dakota): 2000 20010817.1944

2000

----

Anthrax, cattle - USA (North Dakota) (02) 20000831.1457

Anthrax, cattle - USA (North Dakota) 20000802.1291

1999

----

Anthrax - USA (North Dakota) 19980728.1432]

....................mhj/ejp/mpp



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EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS - USA (22): (VIRGINIA, MASSACHUSETTS)

***********************************************
A ProMED-mail post

ProMED-mail is a program of the
International Society for Infectious Diseases


[1] Virginia
Date: 19 Aug 2010
Source: WPCVA.com [edited]



The Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (VDACS)
has confirmed the 1st case of eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) in a
horse this year [2010].

The horse, an 18-month-old mustang female from Suffolk, was
euthanized 26 Jul 2010 because of the severity of her signs: extreme
weakness and ataxia, the inability to coordinate voluntary muscle
movements, unsteady movements and staggering gait. The horse received
an initial vaccination and a booster in the fall of 2009, as well as
a booster in May of 2010. [This is a little unusual in a vaccinated
animal. One can only wonder if the vaccine was given in a location
such as the nuchal ligament where the horse would not be able to
develop an antibody response].

Many states are experiencing an unusually high level of EEE infection
this year [2010], but this is the 1st reported case in Virginia. Last
year [2009], the state had 8 cases, most of them in the Tidewater area.

The disease has a mortality rate of around 80 percent, so prevention
is a key part of equine health. Generally, EEE is transmitted by
mosquitoes. Prevention methods include vaccination, destroying
standing water breeding sites for mosquitoes, using insect repellents
and removing animals from mosquito-infested areas during peak biting
times, usually dusk to dawn.

In an April 2010 press release, Dr. Richard Wilkes, VDACS' State
Veterinarian, encouraged horse owners to work with their
veterinarians to plan a vaccination schedule that would protect their
horses from EEE and West Nile Virus. Available vaccines are generally
effective in drastically reducing the incidence of both EEE and WNV
in horses. For the vaccine to be effective, it must be handled and
administered properly and be given at least 2 weeks before the horse
is exposed to the virus. Additionally, to stimulate full immunity,
horses must be vaccinated twice, about 30 days apart, in the 1st year
of vaccination. The vaccines are effective for 6 to 12 months, so
horses should be re-vaccinated at least annually. In an area where
the disease occurs frequently, such as southeast and Tidewater
Virginia, most veterinarians recommend vaccination every 6 months.

For more information, please contact the Office of the State
Veterinarian at 804.692.0601 or consult your local veterinarian.

--
Communicated by:
HealthMap Alerts via
ProMED-mail

******
[2] Massachusetts
Date: 19 Aug 2010
Source: South Coast Today [edited]



Another horse has been infected with eastern equine encephalitis,
according to Wayne Andrews, superintendent for the Bristol County
Mosquito Control Project. This brings the state's reported total of
EEE cases in horses to 4.

Andrews said he learned of the horse, which is from Lancaster and
experienced an onset of signs on 12 Aug 2010, in an e-mail from state
officials.

Further details, including the animal's current medical status, were
unavailable Wednesday [18 Aug 2010] evening.

A horse case in Worcester County "is a fairly rare event, but it
happens out there," Andrews said. This marks the county's 2nd case
this year [2010], after a Warren horse contracted the virus last
month [July 2010]. EEE cases have also been reported this year in the
Plymouth County towns of Middleboro and Plympton.

Also Wednesday [18 Aug 2010], Andrews reported that 2 additional
mosquito pools, consisting of the primarily bird-biting _Culiseta
melanura_, have tested positive for EEE.

One human case of EEE has been reported this year. Officials say a
Rhode Island man likely contracted the disease while visiting
southeastern Massachusetts several weeks ago.

[Byline: Anika Clark]

--
Communicated by:
HealthMap Alerts via
ProMED-mail

[Vaccinate, vaccinate, vaccinate seems to be the mantra of all
veterinarians to horse owners.

The 1st article here is unusual, in that the horse appeared, from the
article, to be vaccinated, yet it still succumbed to the disease. We
are left to wonder whether the vaccine was handled properly, kept
refrigerated and mixed properly, or if a full dose was given. Or was
the vaccine administered inappropriately, such as into the nuchal
ligament so that antibody response would not develop? We may never
know. - Mod.TG]

[see also:
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (21): (GA) equine 20100819.2893
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (20): (FL), fatal 20100818.2871
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (19): (MI) equine, human susp. 20100817.2850
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (18): (MA) equine, human 20100816.2836
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (17): (FL) equine 20100815.2813
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (16): (MI) 20100814.2790
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (15): (FL) sentinel avian 20100810.2728
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (14): (FL), equine, sentinel avian
20100807.2691
Eastern equine encephalitis, equine - USA (13) (FL, MA) 20100806.2675
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (12): (MA) 20100803.2620
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (11): (FL) fatal, human, equine 20100731.2569
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (10): (MA, MI) 20100728.2529
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (09): (FL) fatal 20100723.2469
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (08): (LA) 20100716.2374
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (07): (FL) 20100715.2363
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (06): (FL, GA) 20100710.2312
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (05): (FL) 20100708.2274
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (04): (FL) 20100630.2178
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (03): (FL) 20100627.2146
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA (02): (FL) sentinel avian 20100623.2101
Eastern equine encephalitis - USA: (FL) 20100527.1755]
...................................................sb/tg/msp/dk

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ProMED-mail makes every effort to verify the reports that
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Whoops! There is is: The Link / Feb. 09

http://articles.sfgate.com/2009-02-26/news/17188869_1_prion-protein-amyloid-mad-cow-disease

Alzheimers: Domestic Studies / Feb. 2010

http://www.news-medical.net/news/20100223/Elevated-cerebrospinal-fluid-levels-of-P-tau231-may-be-an-early-diagnostic-biomarker-for-Alzheimers-disease.aspx